Does Globalization necessarily lead to cultural homogenization? Essay

Globalization entered everyday English usage in the early Sixties, following the periodical of Marshall McLuhan’s Gutenberg Galaxy (Mc Luhan 1962). Malcolm Waters, a principal authority on the subject, define globalization as a â€Å"process in which the limits of geography on social and cultural arrangements retreat and [as a consequence] people become ever more aware that [such constraints] are retreating† (Waters 1995, p. 3). The term ‘global’ is an astoundingly recent creation, appearing for the first time in the 1986 second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. The OED’s definition of ‘to globalize’ is easy and to the point: â€Å"to render global. † In globalization â€Å"a large and increasing proportion, whether native or of immigrant backgrounds, are also people with little or no education and few Marketable skills† (Cohen and Kennedy: 2000, 75). â€Å"Globalization, in transnational corporate lingo, is conceived as the last of three stages of global transformation since 1945† (Jameson and Miyoshi 1998). The impact of the new world economy has been just as great on North-South relations as on North-North ones. For one thing, as Manuel Castells suggests, some parts of the South are becoming increasingly irrelevant and marginal to the world economy (Castells, 1997). In other parts, the possibilities for information-based development are there, but a totally different set of new policies is required. These policies would have to be based on the development of human productive potential. In popular usage, globalization is associated with the idea that advanced capitalism, aided by digital and electronic technologies, will ultimately obliterate local traditions and creates a homogenized, world culture. Critics of globalization argue that human experience everywhere is becoming fundamentally the same. The transformative power of digital technologies in a globalised world means that â€Å"information and knowledge have now become media of production, displacing many kinds of manual work. Marx thought that the working class would bury capitalism but as it has turned out, capitalism has buried the working class† (Hutton and Giddens 2001:22). Globalization is both Homogeneity-Heterogeneity as it â€Å"refers to both the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole†. In other words, it covers the acceleration in concrete global interdependence and in consciousness of the global whole (Robertson 1992: 8). It involves the crystallization of four main components of the â€Å"global-human circumstance†: societies (or nation-states), the system of societies, individuals (selves), and humankind. This takes the form of processes of, respectively, societalization, internationalization, individuation, and generalization of consciousness about humankind (Robertson 1992: 215-6; 1992: 27). Rather than referring to a multitude of historical processes, the concepts above all capture â€Å"the form in terms of which the world has moved towards unicity† (Robertson, 1992: 175). This form is practically contested. Closely linked to the process of globalization is therefore the â€Å"problem of globality† or the cultural terms on which coexistence in a single place becomes possible (Robertson, 1992: 132). The actual process of globalization has been erratic, chaotic, and slow. Some observers of modern politics argue that a basic version of world culture is taking shape among extremely educated people, particularly those who work in the rarefied domains of international finance, media, and diplomacy. Hyper elites of this nature make up what Samuel Huntington (1996) calls a â€Å"Davos culture†, named after the Swiss town that hosts yearly meetings of the World Economic Forum. Whatever their ethnic, spiritual, or national origin, Davos participants are said to follow a identifiable lifestyle characterized by consistent behaviour (social ease, aristocratic manners, and the ability to tell jokes), technological complexity (knowledge of the latest software, communications systems, and media innovations), complex understanding of financial markets and currency exchange, postgraduate education in influential institutions, common dress and grooming codes, similar body obsession (dietary restraint, vitamin regimes, fitness routines), and a control of American-style English which they use as the main medium of communication. â€Å"Super cultures in the global age of communication which is distinguished by growing and ‘complex connectivity’† (Tomlinson 1999) Davos people, it is asserted, are instantly identifiable and feel more comfortable in each other’s presence than they do amongst less sophisticated compatriots. The World Economic Forum no longer commands the consideration it did in the Nineties, but the term â€Å"Davos† has entered world vocabulary as a synonym for late-Twentieth-Century cosmopolitanism. Building on this idea, the sociologist Peter Berger (1997) argued that the globalization of Euro-American academic agendas and lifestyles has formed a worldwide â€Å"faculty club culture†. Since the Sixties, international funding agencies have sustained academic exchanges and postgraduate training for scholars in developing countries, permitting them to build alliances with Western colleagues. The long-term consequence, Berger argues, is the formation of a global network in which similar values, attitudes, and research goals are collective. Network participants have been instrumental in encouraging feminism, environmentalism, and human rights as global issues. Berger cites the anti-smoking movement as a case in point: the movement began as an elite North American preoccupation in the Seventies and consequently spread to other parts of the world following the forms of academe’s global network. As with Davos sophisticates, members of the international faculty club rely on English to communicate with each other. The anthropologists Ulf Hannerz and Arjun Appadurai have studied similar elites that work on a global scale. Hannerz (1990) believes that a world culture appeared in the late Twentieth Century, stemming from the activities of â€Å"cosmopolitans† who nurtured an intellectual approval for local cultures in the developing world. The new global culture, in this interpretation, is based on the â€Å"organization of diversity† rather than â€Å"a replication of uniformity. † â€Å"Cultural globalization refers to the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe. Obviously, ‘culture’ is a very broad concept; it is frequently used to describe the whole of human experience† (Steger 2003: 69). By the end of millennium, international elites had organized dozens of NGOs to assist preserve cultural diversity in the developing world. Institutions such as Cultural Survival (located in Cambridge, Massachusetts) now work on a world scale, drawing attention to indigenous groups that expect to see themselves as â€Å"first peoples†Ã¢â‚¬â€a new, global description that emphasizes common experiences of utilization. Appadurai (1997) claims that modern diasporas are not simply transnational but â€Å"post national† meaning that people who work in these spheres are unaware of national borders and socialize in a social world that has several home bases. Fundamental to these elite visions of globalism is a disinclination to describe exactly what is meant by culture. This is not unexpected, given that the idea of culture has become one of the most contentious issues in contemporary social sciences. Throughout most of the Twentieth Century, anthropologists defined culture as a shared set of beliefs, customs, and ideas that held people together in identifiable, self-identified groups. Scholars in several disciplines challenged the idea of cultural coherence as it became obvious that members of close-knit groups held fundamentally different visions of their social worlds. Culture is no longer professed as a pre-programmed mental library, a knowledge system inherited from ancestors. Modern anthropologists, sociologists, and media specialists treat culture as a set of ideas, aspects, and expectations that are continually changing as people respond to changing circumstances. This logical development reflects communal life at the turn of the Twenty-First Century; the disintegration of Soviet socialism and the rise of cyber capitalism , both of which have increased the perceived speed of societal change everywhere. Globalization empowers the hybridization of nations and communities to fight cultural imperialism or chauvinism by helping them to describe who they are, where they come from, and where they are going. Globalization and technology assist communities to develop cultural networks, free from state or hierarchical controls, regulations, or limitations. It also helps to demystify cultural differences by easing intercultural connectedness, interactions and hybridization. Therefore, while properly managed, globalization can be good for cultural inspiration, diversity and development. There is a ‘new cosmopolitanism’ in the air as, through criticism, the concept has been rediscovered and reinvented. As the late Nineties there was a sharp increase in literature that attempted to relate the discourse on globalization (in cultural and political terms) to a redefinition of cosmopolitanism for the global age. â€Å"The new cosmopolitanism is the prerogative of wealthy, self-serving, anational agents of capital on the one hand and, on the other, international moralists. † Nussbaum, 1996, 5. For this reason it is worth pointing out that etymologically, cosmopolitan is a blend of ‘cosmos’ and ‘polis’. Thus ‘cosmopolitanism’, captivatingly enough, relates to a pre-modern ambivalence towards a dual identity and a dual devotion. Every human being is rooted (beheimatet) by birth in two worlds, in two communities: in the cosmos (namely, nature) and in the polis (namely, the city/state). More exactly, every individual is rooted in one cosmos, but concurrently in different cities, territories, ethnicities, hierarchies, nations, religions, and so on. This is not an elite but rather an inclusive plural membership (Heimaten). Being part of the cosmos nature, all men (and even all women) are equal; yet being part of diverse states organized into territorial units (polis), men are different (bearing in mind that women and slaves are expelled from the polis). Leaving aside for one moment the issue of women and slaves, ‘cosmopolitanism’ at its root includes what was separated by the logic of barring later on. â€Å"Cosmopolitan† ignores the either/or principle and symbolizes ‘Sowohl-alsauch thinking’, the ‘this-as-well-as-that’ principle. This is an ancient ‘hybrid’, ‘melange’, ‘scape’, ‘flow’ idea that is even more structured than the new offshoots of globalization discourse. Thus cosmopolitanism generates logic of non-exclusive oppositions, making ‘patriots’ of two worlds that are concurrently equal and different. The â€Å"anti-globalization† label became prevalent after the Seattle demonstration, apparently â€Å"†¦a coinage of the US media† (Graeber 2002:63). However, it is significant to realize that the term is strongly contested amongst activists – and that many, if not most, reject the label â€Å"anti-globalization† entirely. So what is it, exactly, that activists oppose? Although there has been significant attention paid lately to militarism in the context of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, it seems to me that most activist accounts in recent years have focused more centrally on phenomena linked with economic globalization: the increasing power of corporations, the growing role of international financial institutions, and the neoliberal policies of trade liberalization and privatization propounded by the latter and from which the former benefit. These are seen to produce economic inequality, social and environmental destruction, and cultural homogenization. They are also accused of leaching power and autonomy away from people and governments – of being anti-democratic. Such an understanding of â€Å"the enemy† chimes with many commentaries on the movement (Starr 2000; Danaher and Burbach 2000). It can also be discerned on activist websites. The Charter of Principles of the World Social Forum (2002) declares participant groups â€Å"†¦opposed to neoliberalism and to domination of the world by capital and any form of imperialism†. The statement of principles on the Globalize Resistance site (2002a) indicates that it is primarily against the extension of corporate power over people’s lives under the heavy hand of international financial institutions similar to the WTO and IMF. The group’s newsletters then target the exploitative practices of particular multinational corporations and draw attention to problems of debt and financial restructuring. Lastly, the Peoples’ Global Action manifesto (1998) articulated opposition to the expansion of the role of â€Å"capital, through the help of international agencies† and trade agreements. There are significant resonances here with academic depictions of globalization. I have argued elsewhere that an ‘economic-homogenization’ model of globalization is becoming increasingly dominant in both academic and popular usage, which focuses attention on the improved combination of the global economy and its homogenizing effect on state policy and culture (Eschle 2004). Such a model is prevalent in International Relations (IR). It is characteristic of liberal IR approaches that support globalization that skeptical refutations of globalization are described as exaggerated and ideological and critical IR theories condemn globalization as profoundly damaging. It is with this last, critical, approach in IR that we find the strongest resonance with activist discourses. Both activist and academic critics share the assumption that globalization equates with the neo-liberal economic developments described above. Then, in an extremely significant move, these developments might be linked to the underlying structures of the economy and globalization reinterpreted as the latest stage of capitalism. According to Klein, â€Å"the critique of ‘capitalism’ just saw a comeback of Santana like proportions† (2002:12). The global culture is usually used in contemporary academic discourse to distinguish the experience of everyday life in specific, exclusive localities.

Elephant Man †Otherness Essay Essay

In Victorian London, Dr. Frederick Treves with the London Hospital comes across a circus sideshow attraction run by a man named Bytes called â€Å"The Elephant Man†. In actuality, the creature on display is indeed a man, twenty-one year old John Merrick who has several physical deformities, including an oversized and disfigured skull, and oversized and disfigured right shoulder. Brutish Bytes, his â€Å"owner†, only wants whatever he can get economically by presenting Merrick as a freak. Treves manages to bring Merrick under his care at the hospital – not without several of its own obstacles, including being questioned by those in authority since Merrick cannot be cured. Treves initially believes Bytes’ assertion that mute Merrick is an imbecile, but ultimately learns that Merrick can speak and is a well-read and articulate man. As news of Merrick hits the London newspapers, he becomes a celebrated curiosity amongst London’s upper class, including with Mrs. Kendal, a famed actress. Despite treated much more humanely, the question becomes whether Treves’ actions are a further exploitation of Merrick. And as Merrick becomes more famous, others try to get their two-cents worth from who still remains a curiosity and a freak to most, including to Bytes, who has since lost his meal ticket. The movie is loosely based on the real story of Joseph Merrick, known as â€Å"The Elephant Man†, who was thought to have suffered from elephantiasis and was perceived as being abnormal and different because of it. As portrayed in the movie, â€Å"The Elephant Man† was not classifyed as human but inhuman; a stranger to most. But who establishes what abnormal is? Do humans really believe they have that power? The Elephant Man† is just another example of someone different. To me he isn’t a monster, just misunderstood, and to label him like that suggest that there’s something within him that makes him less human that the rest of us. What I found hard to grasp was trying to understaning what lies in the concept of being abnormal in order to have an idea of what being no rmal means. I mean the notion of â€Å"us† suggests that there must be a majority to differ from; a range of normality that constitutes the abnormal. But who decides who’s normal and who’s not? What is normal anyways? I mean all it does is overrule, distort, and oppress everything that cannot meet it’s certain demands and qualifications. I rather be anything BUT normal. The main reason â€Å"The Elephan Man† was shund out of society was because of his physical features and â€Å"deformities†. But why should a physical difference come to mark a psychological one? In the movie the audience/spectators come to represent normality or the unit of ‘us’, standing in opposition to John Merrick. Because of his difference they see fit to classify themselves as ‘normal’ and different from him. And in a way they are. You see, unlike them, Merrick was highly capable of civilized behaviour. The characteristics of his physical appearance are not regarded as simple features but as deformities, as abnormal, even monstrous. Why do the spectators react so strongly towards something they find not to resemble themselves? Why do they, the unit of normality, need to point out that he is being different while they get to be normal? Why does the representation of normality feel an urge to define itself through what it is not? I believe that the process of othering in the movie could be explained by the simple idea that we don’t know what we are. I mean it seems that there is an infinity of things we could be as human beings, so why does society try and control something it has no power over? Is it affraid of what we can achieve, or does it not want us to achieve in the first place? I mean in Merricks case he wasn’t really classified as either one thing or the other. Just†¦ abnormal. In our world those we find not to fit into our group are left as objects of either exclusion, repulsion, repression, oppression; or of a kind of fetishism which nonetheless seems to limit the object of obsession. In â€Å"The Elephant Man’s† case he was neither desier nor wanted but feard. No one wanted to be-firend him, love him, see what he was like or even just say the odd hello. He was a freak, a caged spectical for people to point and laugh at. Treves, a doctor at London Hospital, stumbles upon and discovers â€Å"The Elephant Man† at a circus sideshow attraction run by the cruel and repulise Bytes and appoints himself the his owner so that he could present him to the members of his medical society. He’s given many detailed, scientific examination before being returned to his owner, but, being subject to his frequent beatings, he falls ill and is hospitalized in secret where Treves works. Treves discovers that â€Å"The Elephant Man† can talk and begins to referred to him as John Merrick. When the director of the hospital warns to have Merrick removed, Treves helps him and he is given permission to stay. Merrick’s stay in the hospital is mentioned in the papers, and soon curiosity leads a famous actress to visit him. The London nobility follows and Queen Victoria herself takes an interest in Merrick and starts protecting him. However, Merrick is not safe: his former owner forces Merrick back on the road with him and brings him to France. The dwarves and other â€Å"freaks† of this show free Merrick from his abusive owner. After being freed Merrick finds his way back to England and collapses in a train station, chased by a mob attracted by his deformity. Treves brings Merrick back to the hospital, which is now his home, and an actress who earlier showed her interest in him arranges the most beautiful night of his life: an attendance to the theatre where she works. After this experience, Merrick deliberatedly goes to sleep while lying down, though he knows this will suffocate him because of his condition. He dies in his sleep. From being â€Å"The Elephant Man† he’s turned into John Merrick, both characters who held the ability to frighten and horrify people by his mere look. In his appearance people recognize their own humanity, but apparently a distorted humanity. As the movie goes along, John Merrick is quietly humanized. He was dressed up, called upon by name (not nickname) and given conditions allowing him to show creativity. He read poetry, went to theatres, and drank tea like a true Englishman, you might say. Indeed, the monster more and more resembles a well taught pet. The recognition of Merrick as a human being, the terrible necessity to identify with this deformed edition of a human, makes us turn him into a monster; something we do to make the identification less obvious. It leads us to conclude that he is not human. He cannot be human, and if he is human, than he must be dumb, as the doctor assures his colleague. The doctor in this way removes Merrick from the field of humanity all over again. The doctor bases his notion of humanity on the presence of intellect, while according to the public it has to do with physical features. By saying this, the doctor distances Merrick from him just as the public does; there is only a small difference of procedure. But when Merrick starts talking and reciting the Bible he suddenly he belongs to our race again? How that makes sense, i’ll never know. Maybe, locked up behind the face of a monster, rests a human being. Reading Merriam-Webster dictionary defination of ‘normal’ it’s interesting to note how normality is also given a physical and mental connotation. And because of that we can therefore see how visible factors that differentiate an individual make him or her a possible target of othering.

Legal Environment of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Environment of Business - Essay Example First, the US Federal system of government grants component states a certain degree of autonomy, sovereignty, and self-government. Furthermore, each state has its own laws and each State Supreme Court has the power to create the judicial determination of issues of law on their own, subject only to the limitations imposed by the Constitution and the US Supreme Court. Thus, there exist differences in state laws that hinder and impair business transactions when dealing with out-of-state entities or persons. There was a need to standardize the laws that acted as the legal foundation in interstate commercial transactions and would clear up conflicting views on contract law. Second, the burdensome legal requirements in business engagements also had a tendency to hamper efficient commercial activities, and arguments were raised as to how laws on contracts in some jurisdictions conflicted with another's. The UCC was introduced in this manner also to design a consistent basis for contract law. Also, each state continued its autonomy and had the option on whether or not to adopt the UCC in whole or in part and this also served as sufficient warning to businessmen of the legal ramifications of any business transactions in a state that may or may not have the UCC in place. Trade between countries is an integral element of the international economy. However, if trade were to go on completely unrestricted and without control of any kind, then a myriad of problems would arise. Although the trend is free trade, there must still be some level of control in order to protect the domestic citizenry and business. Too many industries in other countries have gone belly up due to unrestricted imports of competitors who end up practicing dumping.     

Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic HRM - Essay Example Only 6 percent of the employers have experienced growth during this time. In order to understand the utility of strategic human resource management in the organizations, this study aims to discuss the issues of unemployment during the economic downturn and recession that recently shook the international economy. The effect of the global economic downturn includes insolvency, bankruptcy, and declining revenue of the employers, decreasing purchasing power of the people, and most importantly unemployment, downsizing. The intention is to analyze every dimension of effect of recession on the human resources, so that the implications of strategic human resource management in global financial crisis can be understood. The second part of the study would discuss the strategic moves that the employers and human resource department of the organization can take in order to manage the human resource in the organization because downsizing is not the solution to reduce cost, but it decreases the po ol of skilled workforce in the firm, which affects the company negatively (Galinsky, and Bond, 2009, p. 1-2). The latest data that is available from the Office of National Statistics (ONS) reveals that the employment of 460,000 people has decreased in UK since recession of 2008. The major portion of these employees is full time workers, but after recession the level of part-time employees has risen compared to the full time employees. This reason is obvious; the companies want to hire those whom they have to pay less. The full times employees had to be paid salary according to the labour policies, and also have to provide the other facilities which a full time employee is liable to get. So it can be depicted that the human resource strategy when most of the employers in UK and other parts of the world applied was rigorous downsizing, which resulted in mass unemployment (Philpott, 2012, p. 2). Any person is regarded as unemployed if that individual is out of work and is badly in a ne ed of work to earn his/ her living. The figures of unemployment are calculated by the Office of National Statistics. During recession this organization survey after an interval of three months in order to capture the true status of job loss and unemployment. As soon as the recession surface, the rate of employment reduced considerably within few months. About 1.6 million job cuts were seen in the first few months of recession. During the end of 2009, the job cuts peaked to 2.5 million, which was the highest till then in the history of UK. However, in 2011 it further increased to 2.7 million, which was the highest unemployment level in UK in 17 years. Even the unemployment rate of women in the affected economies increased considerably. IN 2012, the first deduction in unemployment level was seen, which a positive signal (BBC News, 2012). If the output cost due to unemployment during recession is evaluated, it would be seen that the worth of the output decreased because of the rising l evel of unemployment. Considering about 2.67 million job cut in 2011, it can be said that the economy of the country lost about ?129 billion of the output, due to increasing level of unemployment. However, this loss was not the result of the unemployment of all of these unemployed people in UK because about 1.6 million people were already unemployed before recession. Recession added to the existing rate of employment. This amounted to about ?132 billion, which is about 9.4 percent of the GDP of UK in 2011. It goes without

Property offence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Property offence - Assignment Example 8). In this particular case, Fred sees a 50 pound shirt in a shop and swaps the price tag for another one marked 30. By doing so, Fred intentionally pays less for the shirt. This triggers the men rea precedent and the fraudulent act is then translated to theft or shoplifting since the true value of the item is not represented in its buying price. As a misdemeanor, the act falls under "summary offence† case. It is then referred to section 22 of the Magistrates Courts Act 1980 (Dabbah 2004, p. 8). Fred is charged with petty theft charges due to his offence. In this case, Andrew and Fred share a house, however, when Andrew takes Fred’s football club season ticket from his room, he violates the ‘Taking without Owner’s Consent’ law under the actus reus precedent. Subsection 5 and 6 of the UK legislation Theft Act of 1968 clearly states that an individual will be guilty of a theft charge, if the person lacks the permission of the proprietor or other official authority. (Cunningham 2008, p. 71). It is later documented that Andrew returned the ticket three months later. The theft cases may not be satisfactory to the jury since the item was returned to the owner while still valid. When Su decides to steal vodka from a shop with the use of a gun, he is subject to an aggravated burglary charge due to intent to use a deadly weapon hence triggering the men rea precedent. The UK legislation Theft Act of 1968 under section 10 states that an individual is accused of aggravated theft if he does any larceny and at the time he or she has any weapon or artificial firearm†. The fact that she pulls the gun outside the shop but returns it to her pocket still remains mute. The act further states that for this purpose a firearm or an imitation means anything that has the form of being a weapon whether able to being cleared or not. The

Team Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Development - Essay Example This paper covers the various aspects of teamwork, importance of trust in cross-functional teams, ways in which managers can create trust among cross-functional teams, cohesiveness, and strategies to help in creating, developing, and leading effective cross-functional work teams in Google Corporation. Team Development There are a number of ways in which teamwork can be created in the Google’s HR Group. Motivation is one of the key factors that affect the morale of employees in many organizations. It is important for individuals in management positions in Google to ensure that all employees posses positive sentiments towards their job in Human Resource. Teamwork is created when leadership becomes a collective responsibility within the workplace. Google should strive to ensure that all employees in Human Resource develop a sense of accountability. Empowerment of the workers and allowing workers to plan their activities in an effective manner that suits their needs within organiz ational goals is also important in the creation of teamwork (Parker, 2003). All these gives workers the liberty to make their own decisions as long as these decisions are in line with the organizational objectives and also boosts their ability in making work related resolutions. According to Parker (2003), involving all stakeholders in creating and putting into practice organizational plans of action also ensures the creation of team work.... It is also important to ensure that each employee has a clear understanding of his/her duties. This reduces conflicts within the organization hence boosts teamwork. Instructing teamwork competencies To understand teamwork within Google Human Resource department, it is important to elucidate the ways in which Human Resource team members could have been instructed in the teamwork competencies. The tem could have been trained on analytical and investigative techniques that would enable them resolve organizational problems effectively. Other ways of instructing the team on competencies include aiding and supporting them in the comprehension, identification of resolutions, and in researching significant information and statistics that would help them deal with organizational issues. It would also be important to help the team members categorize, classify, supervise, and control various activities within the department. Instructing teamwork competencies also involves availing or creating f avorable situations within the workplace that will boost teamwork, aiding conflict resolutions, and also allowing the amendments of unsuitable strategies or organizational objectives in a bid to boost teamwork (Werner, Schuler & Jackson, 2012). Trust in cross-functional teams According to Hurn and Tomalin (2013), trust is important in cross-functional teams as it affects teamwork. Based on the fact that team members may at times convene rarely, trust boosts teamwork and reduces conflicts within the organization. The absence of trust between team members makes it hard to resolve conflicts and may lead to chauvinism. It is the duty of the managers in Google to be observant and attentive enough so that they can identify any occurrences of mistrust within the organizations. Early

Mental Disorder and Medical Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mental Disorder and Medical Disorder - Essay Example chological health disorder that presents with spontaneous shifts in moods, energy levels, and activities, which in turn impact the ability to perform day to day tasks. The disorder is also referred to as manic-depressive illness. Several factors work together to bring about the disorder. These causes can be anatomical or genetic. Research has shown that certain families are predisposed to having bipolar disorder due to the possession of a certain gene. The anatomic perspective of the development of bipolar disorder shows that there are structural abnormalities in the brain of individuals with bipolar disorders. For instance, similarities have been established through magnetic resonance imaging between the brain development patterns of children with multi-dimensional impairment, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. These finding implies that the brain plays a substantial role in the development of volatile temperament. The signs of bipolar disorder can be categorized between those associated with manic flare-ups and those related to depressive episodes. Indicators of manic outbreaks include mood alterations such as prolonged periods of excitability and extreme tetchiness. Behavioral changes include rapid speech, impulsive indulgence in risky behavior, restlessness, intense physical activity, having unrealistic expectations, poor sleep and lack of sleep. On the other hand, depressive signs include loss of interest in pleasurable activities, prolonged periods of despair, fatigue, loss of concentration, poor appetite, and suicidal tendencies. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that arises due to the inability of the body to utilize insulin. The condition may be a consequence of insulin resistance or the loss of insulin receptors. It presents with symptoms such as extreme thirst, sudden unexplained loss of weight, fatigue, delayed wound healing and blurred vision. There is a relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and BD (Svendal, Fasmer,

Domestic violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Domestic violence - Research Paper Example Many people, whether they realize it or not, are reluctant to intervene in cases of domestic violence because they do not have all the facts. Asking questions would seem, to them, as being similar to ‘prying’ or ‘interfering’ in matters that do not concern them (Herring 256). This is particularly true in communities that are conservative. Domestic violence is something that happens to people of both genders, of all ethnic backgrounds and income brackets, and in all age groups. The Occurrence of Domestic Violence in San Juan, New Mexico In San Juan County, which is situated in New Mexico, police officers respond to approximately 1500 incidences on an annual basis- which is actually three times as much domestic violence as takes place in other areas of the nation (Caponera 34). New Mexico is located at the border of the Ute and Navajo American Indian Reservations. San Juan has large populations of mainly three ethnic groups Caucasians, Hispanics, and American Indians. Even though San Juan is considered as being the economic hub of an area that includes northwest New Mexico, southwest Colorado, southeast Utah, and northeast Arizona, its economy is not as prosperous as that of many other parts of the United States. There are larger numbers of jobless young adults than in most American cities. In the past, the excuse of this seeming poverty has been used to explain the high numbers of domestic violence in San Juan. This, however, is a misconception. Even though domestic violence is more common in the financially challenged brackets of the population, it is mainly the result of a culture’s retrogressive cultural beliefs about both genders (Nurius, Macy, Nwabuzor and Holt 562). In some cases, however, poverty exarcebates an already challenging living situation, resulting in anti social behaviours being exhibited. While domestic violence can be used to refere also to sibling on sibling violence or parent on child violence, in San Juan, it is mainly used to refer to the violence meted out by husbands or men on their wives or girlfriends (Caponera 11). In San Juan, eighty-five percent of violence that women experience is perpetrated by their boyfriends or husbands (Malley-Morrison and Hines 951). More than fifty percent of the residents of San Juan are either of Hispanic or American Indian ancestry, while the remaining half are of Caucasian ancestry (Caponera 6). In San Juan, the factors in all present cultures that contribute towards the increase or propagation of domestic violence include financial inequality between women and men, machismo, and the influence of the church. Although there are organizations and individuals working towards altering these retrogressive cultures, there are an assortment of structural barriers they have to combat such as the institutionalized sexism and, in the case of the Hispanic and American Indian sections of the population, breach the ethnic and linguistic divide that have repress ed true change. In San Juan, many of the members of the Caucasian population are adherents of the Mormon faith, which encourages retrogressive practices such as polygamy. In all areas of the world where polygamy is practiced, men obviously have a greater amount of power over the women. The women in such societies are socialized to believe that the main purpose of their lives is to be wives and

Communication & Cultural Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication & Cultural Studies - Essay Example The Mexican people identify with their culture and every work that seems to acknowledge this fact is appreciated by everyone in the country. Diego Rivera had this in mind when doing his painting because it captures the attention citizens in respect to the cultural aspect. This paper under the guidance of Stuart Hall focuses on the cultural identity of the Mexican people and their nationalism as is reflected in Zapatista’s landscape painting. The paper also analyses the effects and operations of other aspects such as racism, and sexuality. The researcher also seeks to understand why the Mexican people appreciate their culture using works in reference to different cultural theories. Diego Rivera’s Zapatista’s Landscape panting symbolically translates the cultural identity of the Mexican people in form of a visual image. Diego uses images as a representational system that embarks on using sings and symbols to bring out meaning of what is happening during the post-revolutionary period in Mexico, the best way for people to understand and reflect. As we shall later see, these symbols give the Mexican people a sense of identity. The representations manifested by the painting are cultural products which are created within the contemporary Mexican society during the post-revolutionary period. The painting contains background information that helps provide insight about the complexity of the situation in Mexico. This instills the Mexican people of the need to uphold their nationalism and remain united to face the challenges the strike them. This painting serves to create awareness among the Mexican people and also enhance curiosity concerning the themes that the artist wants to communicate with his fellow countrymen. Diego Rivera clearly communicated his message to the people through his art works and creates the desire

Western Australia Essay Example for Free

Western Australia Essay While the Australian Warlpiri people of Western Australia need to live within the laws and values of the Australian Government, as do all citizens living in Australia, preliminary conclusions show their lives also relate strongly to their community values, which are based on ngurra-kurlu, the ‘five pillars of society’. The Warlpiri people first made contact with non-Aboriginal Australians in the late nineteenth century. By the time they were finally extracted from the bush, the missionaries were being replaced by communities. (Wikipedia) Most of the Warlpiri people were placed in an Aboriginal settlement called Yuendumu, about 290 km north west of Alice Springs, but because the settlement was becoming overcrowded, in 1948 the Australian Federal Government decided to erect an Aboriginal Reserve at a waterhole 600 km north at Catfish. (Ozoutback. com) Once the road to Catfish was finished, the Welfare ordered 25 Warlpiri people into a truck and took them as far as Hooker Creek where they camped. Because there was a bore and the water was flowing they decided to stay there instead of at Catfish, which was about 30 km further on and another 400 Warlpiri were transported there. Later, the Hooker Creek dried up, but by then the settlement was already established and a further 150 Warlpiri people were transported there in 1951. (Ozoutback. com) The people were not happy to be taken away from their relatives, their country (land) and its sacred sites, so they all walked the 600 km back to Yuendumu, whereupon they were driven back to Hooker Creek in trucks; they walked back to Yuendumu again and again they were taken back. This time people stayed and children were born, and they started to call the place home. In the late seventies the Gurindji tribe â€Å"handed over† the country and the ‘The Dreaming’ to the Warlpiri and it terminated as a welfare state and renamed Lajamanu. (Ozoutback. com) My friend Pam and I wanted to find out first hand, how life has changed for these people, and how they balance colonial values with their own. So we organized a field trip to outback Western Australia, where we spent a month living within a community of Warlpiri people in a place called Lajamanu. We engaged in participant observation, in an effort to understand as much as possible about the way in which they lived and gain an emic perspective of the values to which they lived by. Using this method, we were able to maintain detailed fieldnotes and conduct interviews based on open-ended questions. We hired a four wheel drive vehicle in Alice Springs and set out on the Tanami track, which crosses the Tanami desert and seemed to head for the horizon and evaporate into the sky. The road was not sealed – just dirt – red dirt – bellowing behind us like rust colored clouds. Although travelling in beating heat we were vigilant in our perusal of what was around us: large areas of ‘spinifex’ and ‘mulga’. 3 A number of enormous hawks and eagles were swooping around the carcass of a red kangaroo, a meter long snake slithered into one of the mulga trees, and masses of bits of rubber, stripped from the tyres of cars and trucks were strewn along the side of the track. We could only drive slowly and only able to drive about 80 kilometers a day, camping by the road at night. On the third day we drove into harsh and rough ground with more vegetation, and although still exceedingly hot the rain started to fall heavily. The car became more difficult to manouvre as water was accumulating in various parts unable to sink into the ground quick enough. Around midday on the fourth day we stopped the car near a small water hole to have something to eat and a cold drink from our ice box, and just as we were about to move on a dark figure with a mop of unruly black and curly hair, wearing nothing but a piece of cloth around his waist came out of nowhere, seemingly from the sky in the distance and walked towards us. He seemed very friendly but spoke in a strange language that we could not understand. He seemed to be asking or directing us to some place and he appeared to want to jump on board. With the use of gestures, arms and hands, we were able to ascertain that he wanted to ride with us, which was fine with us. The track fell into a dry creek and the sun was glaring all colors of reds and oranges into the sky; brightly colored parrots fluttered up from scrub, and as the sun became lower the rocks and boulders seemed to be on fire, glowing red from the heat. Flies were everywhere, buzzing around our heads, settling on our arms and legs and crawling into our eyes. It wasn’t long before he started to make directions off on a smaller track and we understood that this must be where he came from. We turned off and it was not too long before we came across a small community. We stopped the car and our new found friend directed us to his house. As we meandered along, we saw nothing but parts of cars left rusting in the heat, houses in disrepair, potholed streets strewn with rubbish and everything covered in red dirt. It was dusk and people were sitting around open fires; children were running around wearing very little if anything but happily playing in the dirt with the fire lighting up their faces; women were sitting around the fire openly breast feeding their babies or nursing them in their laps, lulling them to sleep. An extremely tall and thin man stood up from the circle around the fire and with open arms, smiled and much to our surprise said â€Å"How yer going whitefellas? Me Benny Jangala. † After setting up camp we were invited to eat and one of the women produced what seemed like a small crocodile but we were told it was a ‘goanna. ’ She placed it on the fire and kept turning it with a stick until it was cooked. She then broke the animal in pieces with her hands and handed some to us. Other delicacies, such as witchety grubs, snake and kangaroo were thrown onto the fire and cooked. These were served with an assortment of different berries and leaves. We later found out that they know over a hundred different species of flora and fauna, all of which are used for either food, medicine or in ceremonies. They keep everything they think they could use, such as animal sinews for binding weapons, bones for implements and feathers for ceremonial use. (Broom, 1983, p. 12) As night progressed we were shown to a small humpy that was to be our home for the next few weeks. We were impatient to start fieldwork and the very next day we started getting accustomed with our new surroundings and lifestyle, and observing how these aboriginals lived. We hired Benny as our guide and interpreter and he was very willing to assist us whenever needed. We found out that we were living with a small community of Warlpiri people in a place called Lajamanu. They spoke the Warlpiri language and tracked their ancestry to the country around the ‘granites’4 or had bonds to that same country through different family dreamings. These linkages by ancestry and dreamings entitled them to hunt in that area and required them to take care of its sacred places. Children often liked to visit us and they would usually come in to our humpy unannounced, rummage among our supplies and survey the room. They seemed to have no concept of privacy and seemed to consider our humpy open and available to all. One time two older girls were looking through each other’s hair for lice and invited Pam to sit with them so that they could search her hair. After a few days Pam was given the name Napangardi and I was given the name Jungarrayi, because Napangardi is normally married to Jungarrayi. After we were given these new names the children would call us by those names. At first, one small girl started laughing and flapping her arms around in the air, then she ran over to Pam and put her arms around her waist, screaming â€Å"Napangardi! you are my daughter! † The girl’s skin name was Nangala, which made her Pam’s mother, because Nangalas were mothers of Napangardis. This also made her my mother-in-law, to whom I was not allowed to talk to, according to Warlpiri taboo. (Ways of Thinking, p. 3 and 8) Later we were able to find out more about skin names. A group of Aboriginal people were sitting together talking as one mother was pointing to various people in the group; she was teaching her little girl their skin names. She told us that every Warlpiri person has a skin name and that name ordains how that person relates to every other person in the community. Everyone is born into the skin group related to their parents. There are eight skin groups and men’s skin names begin with J and women’s with N. The skin system is part of a more intricate kin system and they both relate the Warlpiri people to the sky, desert, trees, rocks, animals, plants and to the law, the dreaming, the rituals and a body of knowledge. (Ways of thinking, p. 4) One morning Benny introduced us to one of the tribe elders and we asked him about the different names they used; he told us that a Warlpiri person can have several names which include the relevant skin name, a bush name and a ‘whitefella’ first name. A Warlpiri person may be referred to as â€Å"X’s son/daughter†, which can sometimes cause confusion if â€Å"X† has more than one son or daughter, because each one could be referred to in the same way. As a child grows older they may also be given a nickname derived from a physical characteristic or some specific incident or mishap. (Smith, 2008, p3. 5) He also told us about a tribal law that does not allow a woman to speak directly to her son-in-law, nor the son-in-law to her. They must ask another person in the Warlpiri kin system, to speak for them. There is also what is referred to as ‘mother-in-law’ language, which is a kind of secret language which son-in-laws can use when speaking in ear-shot of their mother-in-law. (Ways of thinking, p. 4)

Case Study Ethics Guide Dialing For Dollars Marketing Essay

Case Study Ethics Guide Dialing For Dollars Marketing Essay In Dialing for Dollars, a company is faced with low sales. Desperate to meet quota, a boss authorizes a salesperson to offer customers a 20% discount if they take delivery before the end of the quarter, and to start dialing for dollars. Get what you can. Be creative. This prompts the salesperson to try out a few creative but questionable ways of trying to boost sales. The sales person moves from customer to customer trying different tactics to convince the customers to buy some products. This article raises the question of how far one is willing to go to succeed. In this report, we aim to discuss the creative sales tactics the salesperson employed, to evaluate if they were ethical or not, and in instances, to evaluate whether they were legal or not. We will also discuss the merits and demerits of each tactic, and whether they were in the scope of what the company would find acceptable. The four questions asked are: Is it ethical for you to write the email agreeing to take the product back? If the email comes to light later, what do you think your boss will say? Is it ethical for you to offer the advertising discount? What effect does that discount have on your companys balance sheet? Is it ethical for you to ship to the fictitious company? Is it legal? Describe the impact of your activities on next quarters inventories. Case Study Questions Q1. Is it ethical for you to write the email agreeing to take the product back? If the email comes to light later, what do you think your boss will say? According to the American Marketing Associations Statement of Ethics, marketers should be forthright in dealings with customers and stakeholders. To this end, marketers should strive to be truthful in all situations and at all times.  [1]   In business, stakeholders refers to any person(s) and/or entity/ies that has/have vested interest in the decisions businesses make. In general, these people are usually employees, customers, stockholders, consumers, and even society at large if a companys business decisions were to affect them. In the case of Dialing for Dollars, a salesperson finds himself in quandary when the sales forecasting system predicts quarterly sales to be substantially under quota, prompting the salespersons boss to suggest that the salesperson start dialing for dollars. Get what you can. Be creative. This results in the salesperson offering a management-authorized 20% discount on orders that are delivered before the end of the quarter to its customers. Unknown to management, the salesperson also offered to take back any unsold stock the following quarter. He confirms this offer by email to the customer instead of on the purchase order, as accounting would not log the order this quarter under those conditions. The question is: Who is affected by this decision? And what would be the outcome to those affected? In the case of the salesperson, his total sales would be upped, including his commissions, resulting in a net gain to him. In the case of the customer, he gets his 20% discount on the new merchandise, along with a guarantee than unsold inventory could be returned the following quarter. For the customer, this is also a winning situation. In the case of the company, the companys bottom line shows hearty sales and income flows for the quarter as a result of this decision. In the short time, it is a good business decision. But businesses do not exist to operate for a short term. They exist with the hope that they will continue operations indefinitely. So a decision such as this that may appear to be a net positive in the short-term, could have disastrous consequences in the long term. This brings me to the other stakeholders, the stockholders. Stockholders purchase stock in a company based on the faith they have that the company will go on to thrive. A business decision that seeks to be deceitful and cut corners in one quarter, which will negatively affect business the following quarter, is a bad one from the point of view of stockholders. A companys public reputation is dependent on the internal ethics of the company and its employees. Any hit to its public image could perceivably cause stock prices to plummet drastically, as was the case with Martha Stewart stock during her insider-trading scandal. To answer the question, it was not ethical to write the email to take the product back without the expressed consent of management, and if the email comes to light, the boss would probably be disappointed at the action. To quote the American Marketing Associations mantra referred to above à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ marketers should strive to be truthful in all situations and at all times. Clearly this was not the case. Q2. Is it ethical for you to offer the advertising discount? What effect does that discount have on your companys balance sheet? Because the companys sales forecasting system has predicted that quarterly sales will be substantially under quota, the vice president of sales has authorized a 20-percent discount on new orders, with the only stipulation being that customers must take delivery prior to the end of the quarter so that accounting can book the order. Start dialing for dollars, she says, and get what you can. Be creative. With that said, three creative strategies were implemented. The second strategy that the salesperson tried was that instead of offering the discount, the salesperson offers the product at full price, but agrees to pay a 20-percent credit in the next quarter, that way the full price is booked for this quarter. The salespersons pitch claims that the companys marketing department analyzed past sales with a fancy new computer system and determined that increasing advertising will cause additional sales, so if they order more product now, next quarter the company will give 20-percent of the order back to pay for advertising. The obvious is that the customer is going to receive the credit next quarter and not buy product in that quarter, killing your sales for that quarter, but thatll be a problem for next quarter. According to the Journal of Indian Management, Advertising is the life blood of all business organizations, without which the products or services cannot flow to the distributors or sellers, and on to the consumers or users. Unethical issues in advertisement include providing misleading information, using ambiguous terms and defaulting and promised rewards.  [2]  After analyzing the given circumstances that the companys salesperson created, many of these unethical issues were brought up. The salesperson first gave misleading information, by claiming that the marketing department analyzed past sales using a fancy new computer system that determined increasing advertising will cause additional sales. Secondly, the salesperson promised a reward, by stating that by buying more product in this quarter, the company in return will reward 20-percent of their order back for advertising. Lastly, the whole sales pitch used ambiguous terms. For example, the salesperson used terms such as, ou r fancy new computer system, but mainly well give you 20-percent of the order back to pay for advertising.' What and how exactly will the company determine whether or not the 20-percent given back to the customer will be used for advertising, as that is a part of the agreement in the salespersons pitch? With all said and done, the salespersons advertising discount offer strategy for increasing the companys quarterly sales is highly unethical and raises several red flags. If the advertising discount offer is accepted by both sides, then the balance sheet for the current quarterly sales will show a boom in sales, however in the following quarter, the advertising discount will show up as a bust in the balance sheet, because that is when the 20-percent of the customers order will be credited back to the customer for advertising purposes. Q3. Is it ethical for you to ship to the fictitious company? Is it legal? According to Business Law and the Legal Environment by Beatty and Samuelson, Ethics is the study of how people ought to act.  [3]  We believe the Dialing for Dollars salesperson acted very unethically for the reasons stated below. Many organizations create a Code of Ethics which states the organizations primary values, and sets the rules employees should abide by. No legitimate business will have a Code of Ethics that makes behavior such as this salespersons actions acceptable. Due to expected low quota, the vice president allowed employees to offer a 20% discount on new orders. The words start dialing for dollarsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and get what you can. Be creativeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are not instructions to behave unethically. They mean that the salesperson should use creativity in trying to sell as much merchandise as possible, but in an ethical and legal fashion. This particular salesperson, out of desperation, sold $40,000 dollars worth of merchandise to a fictitious company owned by his brother-in-law. It is not ethical to ship to a fictitious company. The quota is met but the product is returned in the next quarter. A big lying scheme was formed with the brother-in-law. This deception causes the company to produce more merchandise based on deceptive sales amounts, which will result in the company being harmed in the long run. According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, their mission is to reduce the incidence of fraud and white-collar crime. They performed a research using Benfords law to detect fraud,  [4]  which looked at investigative and audit sampling methods. They described something similar to what was done by the salesperson to be an embezzlement scheme. It is also illegal because the sales person created a fictitious company using his brother-in-law as the front person and allowed the company to perform a credit check. Moreover, this salesperson is also causing his company to record fictitious revenue which is also fraud. This is a serious problem as the company is not aware of the scheme it is being unwittingly involved in. The CPA Journal provides ways for company auditors to catch this type of fraud. They provide the following advice: Be skeptical about large revenue transactions recorded near the fiscal year-endà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and In reviewing purchase orders, auditors should look for cancellation clauses that could negate the sale. Auditors should read sales contracts and look for cancellation privileges and lapse dates. Revenue should not be recorded until the cancellation privilege lapses.  [5]   In summary, shipping products to a fictitious company is both unethical and illegal. It causes many problems for the company in the long run. Ultimately, the company is responsible as it should take the proper steps in reviewing sales to ensure no such scheme is happening. Since the salesperson represents the company, if caught, they will both be charged with fraud. Q4. Describe the impact of your activities on next quarters inventories. The impact of the three sales actions above would have terrible effects on the inventories. All of the returned material would become overstock. Since the automated system noticed the trend of increase in sales of the product it would wrongly forecast higher demand of the product. This would result in compounding the overstock problem by eventually increasing the amount of finished goods of the product in stock even more. On top of receiving back the returned product, the automated process to increase production would cause increased orders for raw materials for the manufacture of the product. With the finished product overstock from the returns as well as ill-advised over-production and increased raw materials, space for storing all of the inventories within the warehouse may also become a problem. Further, with the increased orders for the raw materials and possible negative net income from all of the returns, the company could be placed in jeopardy with its cash flow. Depending up on how bad the situation gets, the company may be put in a position to have the sales team sell the product at a loss in order to get inventory levels back to normal and not take any further, worse losses. In terms of accounting for inventories, one can also look at the calculation for Cost of Goods Sold as referenced from Cornerstones of Managerial Accounting: Cost of Goods Manufactured + Finished goods inventory (beg. of period) Finished goods inventory (end of period) Cost of Goods Sold The Finished Goods inventory at the end of the next quarter (regardless of when the items are returned) would be increased dramatically by the returned product. This in turn would inevitably have a negative effect on the Cost of Goods Sold at the end of the next quarter. Materials inventory as used in calculations for Cost of Goods Manufactured would also be affected because of the increase in raw materials purchased. The formula for Cost of Goods Manufactured as shown in Cornerstones of Managerial Accounting is: Direct Materials + Direct Labor + Overhead + WIP (beg. of period) WIP (end of period) Cost of Goods Manufactured Since the Direct Materials would be increased because of the increase in purchases, then the Cost of Goods Manufactured would be increased, which in turn would increase the Cost of Goods Sold again. Summary Why is ethics in business important? Society views unethical behavior by business leadership as being socially irresponsible. Bad ethical behavior can result in crushing blows to a companys public image, resulting in a greatly decreased bottom line. Ethics is so critical that management has to pay close attention to it in order to survive. Customers reaction to unethical management behavior can force an organization out of business. Additionally, deceptive behavior and short cuts usually result in lawsuits and injuries, adding to a companys woes. In the end, its always best to do the right thing from the outset.

The play Amadeus and the Destructive Nature of Jealousy Essay -- essay

The play "Amadeus" is Mainly Concerned With the Destructive Nature of Jealousy This passage is all too true, both in Peter Shaffer's ‘Amadeus' and in life in general. However the play is also concerned with the destructive nature of ignorance and naivety. Salieri is jealous not just of Mozart's talent, but of the fact that God gave the talent to â€Å"Mozart †¦ spiteful, sniggering, conceited, infantine Mozart†. He is envious of the vessel of God's laughter at the ‘patron saint of mediocrity' as he had dubbed himself. Not only did God double-cross Salieri, but he did it using this â€Å"obscene child†. It was this jealousy and the rage it inspired that caused Salieri to attempt to kill Mozart by starving him of work and students, and thus, money and food. If Salieri had not restricted the amount of work actually shown to the general public, then Mozart could have been wealthy, and quite possibly selected as the new Kapellmeister. Mozart doesn't understand the importance of pleasing members of the Viennese court. He has no comprehension of the value of money, for when he successfully earns any, he spends it on lavish food and clothes immediately, instead of saving it. He spends all his time churning out music in final copy, which, although beautiful, doesn't earn money as would teaching music. Mozart is really the one who should be jealous, as he has little in the way of money or assets, or even respect. All he has is his talent and his priceless music, but not the sense he...

Is There More Than One Message in an Ad? :: essays research papers

Is There More Than One Message In an Ad?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The personal ads can reveal a message about the author that is not intended to be put in the ad through ink. To find this type of information you have to look a little deeper to find these kind of messages. The author might not mean to, but in the form of their writing they send out bits of personal information that is not intended to be noticed. As in the ad of Woman Seeking Man, I find that the woman has been hurt in the past and that is why she is being a little mysterious and vague in her ad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The woman in the ad crosses me to be hurt. It seems that maybe in some past relationships things might not have gone her way and she ended up with the short end of the stick. She lists so many qualities that the perfect man could have; it seems as if she is talking from things she learned from bad past experiences. For instance, she states that the man cannot have any dependents or baggage from the past. As if in her last relationship, her mate might have been dealing with an ex-girlfriend or wife. It might have even ruined her relationship to the point to where she does not want the guy to even be associated with an ex. She might be talking about children that the man might be committed to. She acts though as if the only children that she wants in her relationships are the ones that belong to her and her partner. She might be trying to suggest that she already have children that she is having to deal with and she does not want anymore to have to handle. She also puts a one-woman man at the beginning of the sentence that follows that sentence that takes up most of the article. As if to apply emphasis to it so that the guy gets the picture that she does not put up with a man that cheats or is a little to friendly with the ladies like a flirt. She could be emphasizing one-woman man because she has dealt with a cheater before and it has ruined a relationship or two in the past. She also keeps referring to the man needing good manners. She states that he should be well-mannered, mature, expert in the art of courtship, and always puts the toilet seat down, but she spreads them through out the passage so that the reader does not forget the point.

Educational War Zone Essay -- Education, Bullying

On the afternoon of April 9, 2010 I found myself in a meeting with Kerri Evans, the assistant principal of Pleasant Ridge Middle School, and my son Nicholas. I was there because my son had become a victim of verbal abuse. It was shocking to learn that bullying has become such an epidemic in our school system. â€Å"Nearly 1 in 3 students is involved in bullying† (Hertzog, 2010). In a perfect world there would be no bullying. Kids wouldn’t get shoved into lockers, and they wouldn’t be beat up in the hallway. Students wouldn’t talk about another student behind their back because of their shape, size, race, or religion. In a perfect world this wouldn’t happen, but at that moment in our imperfect world it was happening to my son. The question is, why does it happen and what can we do to stop it? â€Å"According to a 2009 federal survey of school crime and safety, 32 percent of middle and high school students said they'd been victimized during the acade mic year, compared with 14 percent in 2001† (Tyre, 2010). Bullying was making its way into my home and affecting my life. It was then that I realized that bullying was a problem that needed to stop. Bullying in schools is escalating and becoming a bigger and bigger issue, and we must take action to eliminate it. According to Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series: Bullying in Schools â€Å"bullying has two key components: repeated harmful acts and an imbalance of power† (Sampson, 2002). Although bullying occurs in many other places, school is where bullying is most prevalent and most concerning. In schools, physical bullying is more common among boys. This is because boys are much more aggressive than girls. However, verbal bullying such as gossip is much more common among girls. â€Å"Physical bullying... ...n reaction that Rachel wrote about. (www.rachelschallenge.org) Bullying is a repeated harmful act that continues to affect millions of students every year. There is no stereotypical person that is a target for bullying; anyone can be its victim. There may not always be any signs of physical harm during these attacks, but our children always suffer emotional harm. Educating students, teachers and parents seems to be the only valid solution to this problem. There are many organizations that can educate the schools on this subject but for it to work people must care. Maybe one day, when enough people realize that this problem will not go away with out their help, we can eliminate bullying from our schools. In a perfect world there would be no bullying, but if you could ask Rachel Scott she would tell you we do not live in a perfect world, only a hopeful one.

“Icarus” by Edward Field Essay

â€Å"Icarus† by Edward Field is about a young man named Icarus Hicks who experiences anguish while living in the human world, but attempts to fly again. The original Greek myth of Icarus states that Daedalus, father of Icarus, made wings out of feathers and wax to escape from the Labyrinth (a complex maze he built). After constructing the wings, Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too close to the sun; however, Icarus disregarded his warning and flew close to the sun, melting the wax. Icarus plummeted into the water where he drowned to death. The poem, â€Å"Icarus† exhibits how Icarus did not actually drown but swam to a city where he began to live a human life. References to the myth include, â€Å"compelled by the sun† (line 14) and â€Å"thought himself a hero† (26). Icarus is depicted as remorseful of his actions and wishes he had drowned instead. â€Å"Icarus† includes a number of literary devices, such as alliteration. In line 1, Field writes â€Å"feathers floating† and in line 3, â€Å"police preferred.† In the third stanza, there is â€Å"curtains carefully† (line 22) and â€Å"hates himself† (line 25). Field also describes the setting, the human world, as dull and mundane for example in line 11 Icarus is wearing a â€Å"gray, respectable suit.† The tone in the poem is gloomy and dejected as represented in line 13 with â€Å"sad, defeated eyes.† Imagery is perceived in line 1 â€Å"feathers floating around the hat† and line 24-25, â€Å"tries to fly to the lighting fixture on the ceiling.† In the poem â€Å"Icarus† by Edward Field, the main protagonist, Icarus, is struggling to adjust to the human world and cannot let go of his past. The purpose of the poem was to allude to the Greek myth of Icarus and demonstrate how greed may lead to a lifetime of regret and sorrow. Field portrays Icarus’ grief through his daily life in the modern world.

B2B Organizational Marketing

Present day market leaders confront a number of challenges in securing new orders and customers. These challenges may take the form of a larger number of players influencing the customer decision process, increased buying criteria, greater expectations of faster feedback, and more expectations from the customers that the sales force understand the customer’s requirements. The customers have become more demanding and the competitors have become more productive which have also increased the challenges being faced by the businesses.The businesses are expected to possess the characteristics of flexibility, speed, easiness in dealing, fast, resilience, customer focus, and human warmth in their dealings (Rick Wolfe). Being a business based on the impulse and moods of the customers, the leisure cruise business needs much of these factors to be integrated into them for being successful in attracting more and new customers.This paper attempts to make a detailed report on the marketing techniques and business issues relating to the Carnival Cruise Lines and Crystal Cruise Lines who are the players in the same line of business with different marketing approaches to the business. Carnival Cruise Lines – A Background The evolution and growth of Carnival Cruise Lines marked the redefining of the leisure cruise industry. The company approached a diverse market adopting a novel theme of ‘Fun Ships’ adequately supported by competitively low pricing.There was increased pressure from competition which forced the company to have a relook into its ‘Fun Ship’ brand, without disturbing the equity content of the brand already developed by the company. From the points of view of the customers the cruise lines do not have any differentials. Hence it became necessary for the Carnival Cruise Lines to differentiate them to the customers by providing upgraded product features, efficient service, and a brand image which is not only convincing but also sophisticated.The 2,974 passenger capacity 110,000 ton Carnival Liberty was set to sail in July 2005. Built at $ 500 million the ship was the twenty first vessels in the fleet of Carnival Cruise Lines and it gave the company more passenger carrying capacity than any other cruise lines. The company arranged cruises covering more than three million guests during the financial year 2004 and the company’s revenues were in the region of $ 9. 73 billion, with net earnings of $ 1. 85 billion in the year 2004.The company has been maintaining its principles to adhere to the term ‘Fun Ships’ throughout the year and a time has come when the top leaders of the company have to have a rethinking on the level of customer service so that they can still maintain the brand image. This was due to the fact that there have been increased expectations and renewed competition in the industry. Marketing Strategy of Carnival The company had to develop its marketing strategy purely out of necessity. At a certain point of time Carnival did not have to make an advertising campaign to promote its cruises.In fact at that time no cruise lines made any efforts to advertise. During the start up years which were lean the onboard product was limited. The customers’ expectations were also limited as the cruise products that were available were still relatively new to the market and to the customers. The ‘Fun Ships’ concept of marketing was set in motion by Dickinson for the first time in the 1973 when he took charge as the vice-president sales of Carnival. He was inspired by the concept of ‘Happy ship’ promoted by Commodore Cruise Lines.This promotion started at a time when the cruise marketing focused its attention on the destinations covered by the cruises rather than the ships that were used for the cruises. The cruising during these times was promoted as a highbrow, luxurious experience. However Carnival adopted a different marketing strat egy by reasoning that ‘fun’ was what people really wanted to experience in a vacation. The company promoted the cruise in Mardi Gras as a fun-ship experience while cruising instead of promoting the cruises on the basis of destinations.This way Carnival decided to send a message that was unique in the cruise industry. (20) The marketing strategy of the company centered round the policy of the company to anchor the brand ‘Fun Ships’ to coincide with its positioning strategy. This enabled Carnival build an unmatched value proposition on the promise of fun during the cruise. This promise of fun has been made the marketing strategy of the company for at least the next thirty years of its existence.In quite contrast to the other cruise line customers Carnival through its ‘Fun Ships’ marketing theme attracted middle-class customers who are relatively young. To these kinds of customers Carnival offered full casinos, live music, discos, and wild daytime activities–including belly-flop, beer-chugging, and hairy-chest contests which were offered for the first time by any cruise. These fun based activities were quite different from the existing idea of in-cruise entertainment of shuffleboard and afternoon tea.With a view to make improvements in these fun activities Carnival built the new ships starting from the year 1980 providing for the facilities for the fun activities with bright colors and neon lighting unlike anything before seen in a cruise ship. These were quite different and shocking to the traditional ship owners. Carnival used the first-time cruisers as tools for the market development strategy for communicating the brand message of ‘Fun Ships’. The company articulated the ‘Fun Ships image by showing the ships and the possible entertainment architecture within the ships.The company promoted the marketing theme as ‘having fun comprising of guests â€Å"dining, dancing, playing, swimming, sun ning, and socializing at affordable price†. The company has started the advertising commercials in the 1984 and was the first cruise to advertise on the Television. The marketing objective of the company remained provision of fun all along the cruise. The company however continued to have the marketing objective to â€Å"introduce vacationers to cruising and to reinforce the image of Carnival as the essence of fun† (J. Robert Kwortnik Jr 2006).Challenges to Carnival’s Market-Leadership The major challenge to the marketing efforts of Carnival and a threat to its market-leadership position, is the continuous copying of the ‘Fun Ships’ brand by the competitor lines. For example the Royal Caribbean’s product offering of adventure-theme challenged the fun concept of Carnival Cruise Lines by an active-adventure version of Royal Caribbean; similarly the next generation of the ships of Royal Caribbean had a water theme park which would challenge Carni val Line’s water-park innovation.Another threat to the market position of Carnival arises due to the repositioning of the brand. This may be the result of the tension faced in the development of brand image which is characterized by the improvements in the product. However the management steers the brand toward a more sophisticated version of fun, the risk of mixed signals and brand confusion This makes the a brand's equity as more a function of the customers for a particular brand than the function of the brand. Crystal Cruises – a Background Crystal Cruise offers a hybrid style of cruising experience which is intriguing.Though the cruise line is decidedly upscale, its ships are larger ones quite unlike its luxury line competitors. These ships have the capacity of carrying 940 passengers. NYK lines of Japan own Crystal Cruises. The company founded in the year 1990 is based in Los Angeles. The earlier ships owned by the company included a 940-passenger ship by name â⠂¬ËœCrystal Harmony. This ship was first launched in the year 1990. The ‘Crystal Symphony’ was the second one to follow and also has a passenger carrying capacity of 940-passengers.The company added to its fleet the new ship ‘Crystal Serenity’ with a capacity of 1080 passengers which first sailed in the summer of 2003. The company has sold the ship ‘Crystal Harmony’ in the year 2005 to have once more only two ships in its fleet (Cruise Critic). Though the company has only two ships it has earned the distinction of one of the best cruise lines in the world with the extravagance of services it offers on board the ships. The added feature which enhances the marketing ability of the Crystal is the health club products it offers on board its ships including the Spa.Crystal Serenity is the largest ship of Crystal Cruise. This ship has all the facilities that the cruises of Crystal normally provide. These features include a Sushi Bar, a tennis court, and a board room offering variety of wines. The ship also provides a state – of – the – art children’s play area known as ‘Fantasia’ and also a teen center. There is also an indoor/outdoor pool and a higher ratio of balcony cabins and about 85 percent of the staterooms are having verandahs. The attractiveness of Crystal Cruise is magnified by its getting the ISO 14001 certification for its fleet-wide environmental management system maintenance.In continuation of its environmental management program the company is continuously establishing new goals to minimize the degradation to environment by reducing the use of plastics and increased recycling and enhanced fuel efficiency (Even Keel). Marketing Strategy of Crystal Cruises Crystal’s bigger ships carrying more passengers are one of the marketing points as against its smaller competitors. The company has a unique characteristic of having a highest guest-to-staff and largest guest-to-spa ce ratio.This has won more number of repeat passengers. The smaller line competitors do not have the facilities to compete with Crystal. â€Å"The facilities that crystal offer include biggest-ships-in-luxury-class status along with far more options, in terms of entertainment, socializing, casinos, spa and fitness facilities, activities, and enrichment opportunities† (Cruise Critic). â€Å"The renowned Crystal experience is distinguished by incomparable service, abundant space, extensive choices, and superior quality† (Crystal Cruise).Crystal Cruises is offering a program known as ‘Share the Experience’ which offers membership to its repeat customers to ‘Crystal Society’. The members of this society are given $ 100 shipboard credit when they are able to persuade a first timer to take a cruise with crystal. Crystal has roughly 60 percent of its customers as first timers to the cruise line. The marketing strategy of the company is to bring in mo re new customers and increase the ratio of new customers. The company believes in getting more to the new people for its growth (Christopher Elliott, 2007)The product offering by Crystal includes the ‘Crystal Spa’ the only Feng Shui- designed Spa on board any ship is one of the major marketing points for Crystal. â€Å"Superior service, state-of-the-art facilities and amenities, such as treatment rooms, saunas and a private sun deck or relaxation area with expansive ocean views, propelled the luxury line's Crystal Spa into first place among the magazine's savvy travelers who placed it alongside, and even above, some of the foremost spas in the world† (Crystal Cruises).The other area where Crystal concentrates to improve the satisfaction of its customers is the service being provided by its extraordinary staff which makes the cruises with crystal a unique experience. The company claims that their attention to details is the strength of its marketing and the compan y also provides a personalized experience with a boutique ‘Crystal Adventures’ and other customized ‘Crystal Private Adventure’.â€Å"The line’s glamorous casinos, array of evening entertainment and creative culinary venues and menus — such as the cuisine of master chef, Nobu Matsuhisa — rate high among those seeking quality choices on their floating luxury resort† (Article Avenue). Marketing Strategies of Carnival and Crystal – A Comparison While Carnival Cruise Lines are perceived to have action packed fun and look for younger and value driven customers, Crystal Cruise targets older generation customers who are keen to receive five star services aboard luxurious ships.The basic distinction in the marketing concepts of both the lines lies in the way they perceive the preferences of the customers. On the basis of the products that these lines can offer they select their customer bases and arrive at the marketing strategies . The idea of getting more number of new customers is considered unique as far as Crystal is concerned since the company feels that with the extravagant service it offers on board it can make them repeat their visits to their cruises.By taking more care on the health aspects with the provision of Spa and other extensive health club facilities the travelers will feel more at land than at sea. This coupled with the provision of the highest guest service with more number of attendants and staff would make the customers feel that their travel was filled with an experience quite different and they may decide to experience it once again. In the case of Carnival the marketing strategy involves more value in terms of fun at lesser cost while cruising. The cost factor is taken as the base of promoting their product offering.The customers that Carnival caters to being young ones the company takes more care to provide as many number of recreation facilities to the customers so that they repeat their visits to the cruise. Conclusion In general as the sales teams deepen their knowledge about the customer’s needs and preferences they are able to pinpoint the metrics that the customers will make use of for making an assessment of the product offerings by different vendors. This gives rise to several variations and product differentiations by the suppliers to meet the requirements of different customers.This is evident from the fact that two cruise lines’ – Carnival and Crystal – product offerings. It is observed that both of the lines have different marketing objectives and different set of customer segments to cater to and serve. While Carnival has the marketing strategy of having fun during the cruise and attract younger customers, Crystal looks for increased number of new customers with a product offering of fun combined with health with the offering of the state of the art Spa and other connected facilities aboard to attract the customers. Ref erencesArticle Avenue ‘Information and Tips for a Cruise Ship Vacation’ Christopher Elliott (2007) ‘Strategies to Make More Passengers Maiden Voyagers’ The New York Times dated February 25th 2007 Cruise Critic ‘Crystal Cruises’ Crystal Cruise ‘Crystal Cruises Celebrates Thanksgiving and Fall Sailings with Family â€Å"Values† ‘ Crystal Cruises ‘Crystal Cruises Named No. 1 Cruise Line Spa by the Readers of Conde Nast Traveler’ Even Keel ‘Cruise Line News: Crystal Cruise’ J. Robert Kwortnik Jr (2006) ‘Carnival Cruise Lines: Burnishing the brand’ http://www. allbusiness. com/accommodation-food-services/1190122-1. html Rick Wolfe ‘The New B2B Marketing Dashboard’

Mission Impossible 4 Movie Review

Agents Gone Rogue (Mission Impossible – Ghost Protocol) REVIEW By Joe Bricely The newly released movie Mission Impossible- Ghost Protocol was produced by Tom Cruise and the following companies: Paramount Pictures, Skydance Productions, Bad Robot, FilmWorks, Stillking Films, and TC Productions. It was directed by Brad Bird who is most commonly known for his role in the movies Up (2009), Ratatouille (2007), and The Incredibles (2004) as well as the long running television series The Simpsons (1989-Present). Those were all animated, unlike Mission Impossible. Overall it was able to not only captivate me the entire time but also was able to demonstrate the beautiful locations that the movie was shot in, such as Dubai’s downtown, Mumbai (Fun fact: the shots supposedly placed in Mumbai were actually shot in Bangalore), Bangalore (These scenes were actually shot in Canada) , and Moscow. (Really). The plot to the new Mission Impossible is basic yet still intriguing. Though it is the classic story of a hero and his team setting out to stop the ultimate destruction of the world; it created a clever background story of how Ethan Hunt’s (Tom Cruise) and fellow teammate William Brant’s (Jeremy Renner) past are intertwined. The only flaw I could find is that they never really established a thorough background to the evil mastermind Kurt Hendricks (Michael Nyqvist). With the top billed cast the performances were quite convincing. Specifically the roles of Ethan Hunt (Tom Cruise) and Jane Carter (Paula Patton) were captivating. Tom Cruise served his repetitive role as Ethan Hunt the super spy to a tee; through not only his phenomenal stunts, but also in his spy like swagger. Paula Patton, in the role of the only female on the former IMF team, not only played the role of her the spy well, but also had to go undercover in the movie as an international assassin and was mesmerizing seducing an Indian tycoon into giving her what she wanted. Overall the performances in Mission Impossible were top notch. As stated previously, Mission Impossible was an exhilarating thrill ride which utilized its budget of $145 million effectively. There were some new gadgets including high powered suction gloves which Tom Cruise used to scale the tallest building in the world, the Burj Khalifa and a metal suit which allowed Jeremy Renner to levitate over a high powered fan using magnetism. In the movie several effective costumes were utilized including Tom Cruise dressing as a Russian general to infiltrate the Kremlin. Shortly after his exit, the Kremlin exploded leaving a large crater in the building, an example of the brilliant special effects incorporated into the movie. Other than that massive explosion, some other special effects were impressive included the launching of a nuclear missile (and its ultimate deactivation) that lead into it crashing through a LA skyscraper then dramatically plunging into the water. In the new Mission Impossible the key to the humor in the movie is the role of Benji Dunn played by the notoriously funny Simon Pegg (who will forever be known for his staring in the 2004 classic comedy Shawn of the Dead. His comedic antics started off in his first scene when he argued with Tom Cruise’s Ethan Hunt through a security camera feed while breaking the spy out of Russian prison. He continued with his humorous attitude throughout the movie. Especially funny was his untimely entrance into the hotel room in Dubai, gloating how he was able to change a few door numbers in time yet not knowing that just seconds before, the rest of his team had struggled for their lives, dangling out a window over 100 stories up. Though I have been a fan of the Mission Impossible series since I was 6, I have to say that ‘Ghost Protocol’ was my favorite. It not only satisfied my thirst for some top notch fighting and action scenes, but also met my needs for a strong comedic presence, both worked beautifully together. I recommend this movie to any other IMF fans out there, but also to anyone seeking a well written, action packed, thrill ride of a movie.

Human Impact on Environment Essay

From the moment we wake up to the time we sleep, most of the products used are hazardous to the environment directly or indirectly. A person voluntarily and non-voluntarily spends his day on the expense of atmosphere. Being aware of the dangerous effects of many products that we use, we continue using these products. From pencil that we use in school from the paper used in office and different furniture decorating our house are all made on the expense of surroundings. Most of the luxurious items like fridge, air condition and car all affect our ozone layer. Book Book is something that everyone uses regardless of age. Be it reading, writing, coloring or for references. No one grows up without being around a book. Before the advent of internet books were only available on papers. There was no concept of electronic books. There are a lot of verities available in books. People make their own customized books for any event or refer to them on any subject. Children use it for reading purpose, drawing, coloring and writing. Components of a Book: Any basic book has the following components: †¢ Laminate sheet. †¢ Binder boards †¢ Paper †¢ Ink †¢ Dye (For colored papers) †¢ Thread †¢ Adhesive Paper Paper like we all are aware of is made from trees. These trees are cut in log form and sent to paper production factories. A machine then removes impurities and cut them into small equal sizes of wood chips through a chipper. These chips are then transformed into pulp through chemical pulping (wood chips are cooked in sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide) or mechanical pulping (logs are beforehand chemically treated and then passed through a metal disk). This process tree oil and eradicate splits cellulose and hemi cellulose from the lignin. The remaining fiber is used to produce paper. Read more:  Effects of Festivals on Environment The cooked pulp is the washed to and processed through a bleaching tower to add brightness. Pulp is the modified and further refined. This pulp is then pressed against a wide screen drains out all the water cut in equal sizes. Fibers are shaped into mats and pressed through heavy rollers and then moved through hot dryers to evaporate excess water. In the end starch is added to fill gaps in the sheet surface. These sheets are then pressed between a roller and cut into smaller sizes for further usage (Essortment, n. d. ). At times clay and dye are mixed with these papers to add shine and color to them. Ink Without printing inks there would be no books, papers or magazines. Knowledge would have had no proper way to being materialized and stored. Ink has four basic components. Pigments are used to color the ink, make it glossy and resistance from being affected by heat and light. It makes t he ink opaque. Some of the pigments used to make ink are extenders, opacifiers, inorganic black, organic yellow, organic orange etc. Resins is another ingredient that combines the ink together into a film and attaches it to the printed surface. It adds to the characteristics of ink being glossy and resistance to heat, chemical and water. They are mainly produced at New Zealand. Few of the commonly resins used ate acrylics, alkyds, rubber resins, phenolics, hydrocarbons, polyamides, shellac etc. Solvent is the third most important element that which keeps ink in a fluid form where it is stored till its being shifted to the background where its being printed. Solvent has to disconnect from its storage body containing ink to be embossed on the surface being allowed to dry and form into proper image. Additives are used to modify the physical attribute of the ink to go with different conditions. Varnish production is the first step in formation of ink. This is obtained through assimilation of resins, solvents and additives to structure a consistent fusion. The longer these components are allowed to react into a bigger molecule, varnish turns out to be more glutinous. Pigments are later added to the varnish which results into cluster of pigment particles. Different machines are used to break these clumps and spread them equally through the ink (Sengenuity, n. d. ). Adhesives Many different types of adhesives are used in bookbinding. Starch, animal glue, emulsion and hot-melt are its few examples. All have chemicals involved in them. Water based emulsion adhesive for instance is made from emulsification and polymerization of acetic vinyl, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and acrylic resin in water. Due to the absence of organic solvent this adhesive is inflammable and not toxic. After compiling papers in a proper sequence, adhesive is spread on the spine or binder board (could either be of a thick paper sheet or cloth) that serves as a support for bookbinding It then permanently joints papers and the thick sheet carrying adhesive together. Adverse Effects on Environment Paper Paper that we use for almost everything is manufactured on the expense of trees. Trees absorb carbon dioxide through their pores existing in leaves and accumulate it in there soil, wood, bark and leaves. They turn carbon dioxide into oxygen that we breathe. It controls erosion and cleans underground water system. It stabilizes dust entrapping air polluting gases and cools the air turning water into vapors. Thus cutting trees are one of the major causes of global warming. Paper companies should spread the message of growing plants and tree in the environment. They should have public service messages on television, radio and behind all the printed books. Tress cut for the process of pulp production should also be replaced with new ones. Paper production consumes a lot of water and energy. Ink should be washed off from the paper before decomposing it. Wasting papers should be discouraged everywhere. They should be recycled. Usage of recycled paper should be encouraged. Many tree free papers are also being used in different parts of the world. They are made from sugarcane fiber, cereal straw, banana stalk etc. Ink Chemicals used in making ink like petroleum hydrocarbon. They discharge volatile organic compounds (VOC) while drying that creates waste, air pollution and is a source of many health diseases. Pigment has perilous metals like cadmium, mercury, chromium. Minerals oil used to clean printing machine also releases VOC in air. In many countries news papers and pages from books are used to wrap food items. Ink is transferred into human bodies when they eat from that paper. Also at the time of paper recycling, ink does not wash off entirely. A sensible alternative of this dangerous ink would be switching to vegetable based ink made from soy or linseed oil. They have many advantages. They decrease the amount of VOC released in the atmosphere. It does not contain hazardous heavy metal. They contain non-toxic soybean oil used in cooking, dressing and beverage. They are easily recycled and emanate less amount of toxic residue. It also increases American agriculture economy by providing them with a market. Ink made by soy ink is more rick and bright and creates less waste on press (Proia, Jennifer, n. d. ). Adhesives Adhesive has its own inauspicious impact on environment. Ethylene vinyl acetate emulsion is known for explosive gas that pollutes air and water. At the time of production it may cause skin and eye irritation. Adhesives should be washed off before decomposing paper. Adhesive should have less amount of inflammable chlorinated hydrocarbon. Solvents should be put back in the production cycle without damaging the environment. Many companies use white emulsion which is pollution free, nonflammable, non-toxic and harmless. It has been certified from China Environmental Labeling Products and ISO 14001 International Management System for bein ‘Double Green’ environmental friendly product. Conclusion More or less every thing that we use has unpleasant effect on the environment. Consumption of these products and their consequences are inevitable. In such case it is highly imperative to use alternative techniques that diminish precarious results. They may include growing more trees and plants, recycling, using more recycled products, spreading information about products that are harmful to the environment and their less dodgy alternatives. Negligence to these important facts has already stared to destroy our nature. As individuals, one should make a habit to study about the products and its components that we use regularly in our lives and educate others about its side-effects too. References Essortment. How is paper made from trees? Accessed on April 2, 2009. http://www. essortment. com/all/paperhowismad_rrfn. htm Proia, Jennifer. Going green with your marketing materials. Accessed on April 3, 2009. http://www. graphic-design. com/DTG/Business/greenprint. html Sengenuity. Printing ink technology and manufacture. Accessed on April 2, 2009. http://www. sengenuity. com/tech_ref/Process%20Control%20for%20Printing%20Ink%20Applications. pdf